Publications

2025

1. Enacting Asymmetric Passenger Experiences Using Disparate Immersive Devices in Transit

   Laura Bajorunaite, Stephen Brewster, and Julie R. Williamson

   ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Feb 2025

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   Immersive technologies allow us to personalize our reality while traveling; however, widespread adoption remains limited. This study investigates the challenges of adopting immersive devices in transit, particularly when passengers encounter asymmetric experiences using disparate devices. These situations arise as co-located passengers adopt devices with varying levels of immersion, environmental information, and interactive capabilities. Using an enactment methodology in a transit scenario involving disparate devices, our study (N=21) reveals that asymmetric passenger experiences create a sense of disconnection among passengers, especially with varying device immersion capabilities. When interactions require more than a basic response, for example complex verbal exchanges relying on social cues like gaze, adoption is further hindered. The incorporation of cues from reality addresses safety concerns but requires further refinement to support interactions that require complex or extended user involvement. This research advances the understanding of asymmetric passenger dynamics, contributing to the design of immersive technologies for transit settings.

2. The Spin Doctor: Leveraging Insensitivity to Passive Rotational & Translational Gain For Unbounded Motion-Based VR Experiences

   Graham Wilson, Katharina Margareta Teresa Pöhlmann, David Al Baiaty Suarez, Mark McGill, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   Feb 2025

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3. Do We Need Responsible XR? Drawing on Responsible AI to Inform Ethical Research and Practice into XRAI / the Metaverse

   Mark McGill, Joseph O’Hagan, Thomas Goodge, Graham Wilson, Mohamed Khamis, Veronika Krauß, and Jan Gugenheimer

   Feb 2025

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4. Investigating the effects of augmented reality cues during non-driving related tasks on the situational awareness of drivers

   Thomas Goodge

   University of Glasgow, Feb 2025

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5. All-inclusive TORs: Cross-Cultural and Age-Sensitive Design for Take-Over Requests in Level 3 Cars

   Rawan Srour Zreik, Monika Harvey, and Stephen Brewster

   In , Apr 2025

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6. Around the World in 60 Cyclists: Evaluating Autonomous Vehicle-Cyclist Interfaces Across Cultures

   Ammar Al-Taie, Andrii Matviienko, Joseph O’Hagan, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Apr 2025

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   Cultural differences influence how cyclists and drivers interact, affecting global autonomous vehicle (AV) adoption. AV-cyclist interfaces are needed to clarify AV intentions and resolve ambiguities when no human driver is present. These must adapt across cultures and road infrastructure. We conducted the first cross-cultural AV-cyclist user study across Stockholm (high segregation of cyclists from drivers), Glasgow (some segregation), and Muscat (no segregation). Cyclists used an AR simulator to cycle in physical space and experienced three holistic AV-cyclist interfaces. These integrated multiple interfaces into a larger ecosystem, e.g., a smartwatch synchronised with on-vehicle eHMI. Interfaces communicated AV location, intentions, or both. Riders from all cities preferred combined AV location and intention information but used it differently. Stockholm cyclists focused on location, validating intentions with driving behaviour. Glasgow riders valued both cues equally. Muscat cyclists trusted interfaces, prioritising intentions without relying on driving behaviour. These insights are key for global AV adoption.

7. evARything, evARywhere, all at once: Exploring Scalable Holistic Autonomous Vehicle-Cyclist Interfaces

   Ammar Al-Taie, Euan Freeman, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Apr 2025

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   Cyclists need interfaces such as on-vehicle displays or augmented-reality (AR) glasses for effective communication with autonomous vehicles (AVs) when human drivers are no longer present. Interfaces must handle complex situations involving multiple AVs around a cyclist. Holistic AV-Cyclist Interfaces (HACIs) are a novel solution; they group interfaces into a multimodal interconnected system to support the rider. However, the best way to present information is uncertain. We explored this in a scenario with three AVs using CycleARcade, a new multi-user AR platform for designing and evaluating HACIs. Cyclists and HCI researchers collaboratively created and tested HACIs within CycleARcade through a novel iterative participatory design method. We synthesised three HACIs from this process and assessed them with riders in CycleARcade. Participants preferred HACIs with AR displays integrated into the environment to avoid road distractions, paired with spatial audio communicating AV proximity. These findings provide crucial input for the real-world deployment of AVs.

8. Overcoming critical interface design challenges for Automated Vehicle-cyclist interaction

   Ammar Al-Taie

   University of Glasgow, Apr 2025

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9. Winter is Coming… To Your Commute: Adapting Passenger ARTV Ornamentations to Match On-screen Visuals For Enhanced Immersion in Fantasy Drama TV Content

   Iain Christie, Graham Wilson, Mark McGill, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 2025 ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences, Apr 2025

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   Augmented Reality Television (ARTV) affords new ways to experience media – from displaying auxiliary information to increasing immersion with additional 3D models. Many people consume video content when travelling or commuting; accordingly, the benefits of ARTV in this context merit investigation. We conducted a study (N=20) exploring the effects of using ARTV Ornamentations when watching Game of Thrones on a train. We used Virtual Reality to simulate use of AR in a train carriage and evaluated four different levels of ARTV Ornamentation, from a simple floating panel through to themed models and interior textures that change to match the on-screen visuals. Results showed that Ornamentations matching the show’s genre were sufficient to provide an engaging and immersive experience, but Ornamentations themed to the show which changed based on the scene further elevated the experience. This means it is possible for passengers to have an immersive experience while commuting without significantly reducing their awareness of their environment. We also reflect on the implications of our work for an existing ARTV framework and propose the inclusion of several new aspects to encourage designers to consider the unique challenges and affordances of ARTV Ornamentations.

10. Reduced Motion Sickness Using Vestibular EEG-Guided tACS Under Mismatched Physical Rotation and VR Visual Motion

    Gang Li, Mark McGill, Alana Grant, Katharina Poehlmann, Rory Holden, Stephen Brewster, and Frank Pollick

    IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Jun 2025
11. Case Studies of Remarkable VR Motion Sickness Resistance: A Judo Practitioner and a Commuter

    Gang Li

    In 2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), Jun 2025
12. VR Cybersickness Classification using Machine Learning Models on Open-Access EEG Datasets from the Human Vestibular Network

    Gang Li, Hae-Rin Byeon, Sung-Bae Cho, and Frank Pollick

    In 2025 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and eXtended and Virtual Reality (AIxVR), Jun 2025
13. How Visually Induced Motion Sickness is Affected by Stimulus Characteristics and Individual Factors in Younger and Older Adults

    Behrang Keshavarz, Brandy Murovec, William Chung, and Katharina Pöhlmann

    In Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, Jun 2025

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2024

1. VR Headsets In-The-Wild: Qualitative Insights on Safety, Awareness, and Social Challenges from Real Train Journeys

   Laura Bajorunaite, Julie R. Williamson, and Stephen Brewster

   In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Dec 2024

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2. Welcome to the Jungle: Using ARTV to Balance Media Immersion and Reality Awareness for Passengers on Public Transport

   Iain Christie, Mark Mcgill, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences, Jun 2024

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3. Detecting In-Car VR Motion Sickness from Lower Face Action Units

   Gang Li, Tanaya Guha, Ogechi Onuoha, Zhanyan Qiu, Alana Grant, Zejian Feng, Zirui Zhang, Kathariana Pohlmann, and 2 more authors

   In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Jun 2024

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4. Exploring User Placement for VR Remote Collaboration in a Constrained Passenger Space

   Daniel Medeiros, Graham Wilson, Mauricio Sousa, Nadia Pantidi, Mark McGill, Diego Drago, and Stephen Brewster

   In 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Oct 2024

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5. The Social Impact of Extended Reality Spatial Productivity in Constrained, Public and Passenger Spaces

   Daniel Medeiros, Graham Wilson, Stephen Brewster, and Mark Mcgill

   In 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), Oct 2024

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6. From Slow-Mo to Ludicrous Speed: Comfortably Manipulating the Perception of Linear In-Car VR Motion Through Vehicular Translational Gain and Attenuation

   Katharina Margareta Theresa Pöhlmann, Graham Wilson, Gang Li, Mark Mcgill, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May 2024

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7. Is Video Gaming a Cure for Cybersickness? Gamers Experience Less Cybersickness Than Non-Gamers in a VR Self-Motion Task

   Katharina MT Pöhlmann, Gang Li, Graham Wilson, Mark McGill, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Brewster

   IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, May 2024

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8. Acceleration Instead of Speed: Acceleration Visual Cues in VR for Reduced Motion Sickness in Linear Motion

   Zhanyan Qiu, Mark McGill, Katharina Margareta Theresa Pöhlmann, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In Adjunct Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2024

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9. Augmenting Virtual Spatial UIs with Physics- and Direction-Based Visual Motion Cues to Non-Disruptively Mitigate Motion Sickness

   Zhanyan Qiu, Mark McGill, Katharina Margareta Theresa Pöhlmann, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction, Oct 2024

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10. Can You Hazard a Guess?: Evaluating the Effect of Augmented Reality Cues on Driver Hazard Prediction

    Thomas Alexander Goodge, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

    In Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Oct 2024

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    Semi-autonomous vehicles allow drivers to engage with non-driving related tasks (NDRTs). However, these tasks interfere with the driver’s situational awareness, key when they need to safely retake control of the vehicle. This paper investigates if Augmented Reality (AR) could be used to present NDRTs to reduce their impact on situational awareness. Two experiments compared driver performance on a hazard prediction task whilst interacting with an NDRT, presented either as an AR Heads-Up Display or a traditional Heads-Down Display. The results demonstrate that an AR display including a novel dynamic attentional cue improves situational awareness, depending on the workload of the NDRT and design of the cue. The results provide novel insights for designers of in-car systems about how to design NDRTs to aid driver situational awareness in future vehicles.

11. Beyond Aesthetics: Evaluating Response Widgets for Reliability & Construct Validity of Scale Questionnaires

    Habiba Farzand, David Al Baiaty Suarez, Thomas Goodge, Shaun Alexander Macdonald, Karola Marky, Mohamed Khamis, and Paul Cairns

    In Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Oct 2024

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    Scale questionnaires are psychometric tools that capture perspectives and experiences. Consequently, these tools need to be reliable and valid. In this paper, we investigate the impact of response widgets - the UI elements that allow users to answer scale items - on the overall scale reliability and construct validity of three varied length scale questionnaires in a user study (N=30). Our results reveal that optimum reliability was achieved using radio buttons and dropdowns in all varied-length questionnaires. Further, valid results were produced utilising the slider and dropdown. No significant differences were found in time consumption, but click count was significantly higher with dropdown. Radio buttons scored lower in format satisfaction than others, and dropdown was the least effective in ease of selection and quick completion. In light of these results, we conclude that response widgets are more than just aesthetics and should be selected as per the researcher’s aims.

12. Bike to the Future: Designing Holistic Autonomous Vehicle-Cyclist Interfaces

    Ammar Al-Taie, Graham Wilson, Thomas Goodge, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

    In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Oct 2024

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    AV-cyclist interaction research has focused on individual interfaces, e.g., eHMIs or AR glasses. However, cyclists using multiple independent interfaces could receive redundant or contradictory messages, causing unsafe encounters. We introduce the Holistic AV-Cyclist Interface: multiple displays facilitating communication together to ensure safe road sharing. We used participatory design with cyclists and HCI researchers (N = 12) to develop holistic interfaces around an actual vehicle equipped with an eHMI. Participants created holistic interfaces communicating blindspot warnings and AV intent and accommodating two-way communication, e.g. through on-bike directional indicators. They mostly placed interfaces on the bicycle handlebars and cycling accessories, e.g. helmet. Holistic interfaces could overcome design challenges: they can be multimodal, facilitate communication between AVs and multiple cyclists, and work in varying weather/visibility conditions. We categorised participant designs into a taxonomy and developed a novel holistic interface based on our findings. Our results are important for the safe integration of AVs into traffic.

13. Where’s my TOR?: Evaluating the Effect of Take-Over Request Source on Older Drivers’ Control Transition in Level 3 Cars

    Rawan Srour Zreik, Thomas Goodge, Monika Harvey, and Stephen Brewster

    Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., Sep 2024

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    It is challenging for older drivers to transition to manual control after a Take-Over Request (TOR) has been issued by a Level 3 car. This study investigated if the presentation source of the TOR affects driver performance when resuming control. We measured take-over performance, hazard perception, and user acceptance when the TOR was presented on (1) a smartphone displaying a Non-Driving Related Task (NDRT) simultaneously with the In-Vehicle Information System (IVIS), or (2) presented on the IVIS only. Two NDRTs that varied in cognitive demand were tested with older drivers aged 60-69 and 70+. For the lower cognitive demand NDRT, presenting the TOR on the smartphone+IVIS improved takeover performance, hazard perception, and user acceptance, with greater benefits observed in the 70+ group. For the cognitively demanding NDRT, the smartphone+IVIS presentation did not benefit either group of drivers. TOR designers can apply these findings to enhance TORs and assist older drivers in managing control transitions considering the NDRT cognitive demand.

14. Light it Up: Evaluating Versatile Autonomous Vehicle-Cyclist External Human-Machine Interfaces

    Ammar Al-Taie, Graham Wilson, Euan Freeman, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

    In Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Sep 2024

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    The social cues drivers exchange with cyclists to negotiate space-sharing will disappear as autonomous vehicles (AVs) join our roads, leading to safety concerns. External Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) on vehicles can replace driver social signals, but how these should be designed to communicate with cyclists is unknown. We evaluated three eHMIs across multiple traffic scenarios in two stages. First, we compared eHMI versatility, acceptability and usability in a VR cycling simulator. Cyclists preferred colour-coded signals communicating AV intent, easily seen through quick glances. Second, we refined the interfaces based on our findings and compared them outdoors. Participants cycled around a moving car with real eHMIs. They preferred eHMIs using large surfaces on the vehicle and animations reinforcing colour changes. We conclude with novel design guidelines for versatile eHMIs based on first-hand interaction feedback. Our findings establish the factors that enable AVs to operate safely around cyclists across different traffic scenarios.

2023

1. Reality Anchors: Bringing Cues from Reality to Increase Acceptance of Immersive Technologies in Transit

   Laura Bajorunaite, Stephen Brewster, and Julie R. Williamson

   Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Sep 2023

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2. The Benefits of Passive Haptics and Perceptual Manipulation for Extended Reality Interactions in Constrained Passenger Spaces

   Daniel Medeiros, Graham Wilson, Mark Mcgill, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Apr 2023

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3. Can Gender and Motion Sickness Susceptibility Predict Cybersickness in Vr?

   Katharina MT Pöhlmann, Gang Li, Mark McGill, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Brewster

   In 2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), Apr 2023

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4. You Spin Me Right Round, Baby, Right Round: Examining the Impact of Multi-Sensory Self-Motion Cues on Motion Sickness During a VR Reading Task

   Katharina Margareta Theresa Pöhlmann, Gang Li, Mark Mcgill, Reuben Markoff, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Apr 2023

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5. Manipulating the Orientation of Planar 2D Content in VR as an Implicit Visual Cue for Mitigating Passenger Motion Sickness

   Zhanyan Qiu, Mark Mcgill, Katharina Margareta Theresa Pöhlmann, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2023

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6. ‘Using VR While Travelling: Manipulating the Orientation of Planar 2D Content in VR as an Implicit Visual Cue for Mitigating Passenger Motion Sickness

   Zhanyan Qiu, Mark McGill, Katharina Margareta Theresa Pohlmann, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In 15th Int. ACM Conf. Automot. User Interfaces Interact. Veh. Appl.(AutomotiveUI). Ingolstadt, Germany: The Univ. of Glasgow, Sep 2023

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7. A Lack of Restraint: Comparing Virtual Reality Interaction Techniques for Constrained Transport Seating

   Graham Wilson, Mark McGill, Daniel Medeiros, and Stephen Brewster

   IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Sep 2023

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8. Cyborgs on the Road: Workshop on Augmenting Road Users to Quantify their Behaviour

   Ammar Al-Taie, Katharina Margareta Theresa Pöhlmann, Thomas Goodge, Andrii Matviienko, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Brewster

   In Proceedings of the Augmented Humans International Conference 2023, Sep 2023

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   There is an increasing number of studies evaluating road user (e.g. cyclists or drivers) behaviour in traffic. These are important for informing traffic safety, road infrastructure design and the impact of automated vehicles on traffic. Road user evaluations often involve collecting data such as perceived safety and motion sickness. However, collecting objective, quantified forms of these behaviours is challenging. Experimenters commonly measure these with questionnaires after the study. Finding solutions to collect these data in real-time without relying on participants’ subjective input could result in more rigorous study designs and a better understanding of user behaviour. This workshop aims to gain insights on how road users may be augmented with devices, such as heart rate monitors, in evaluation studies to quantify behaviour on-the-go. The workshop will result in study designs that augment road users to quantify their behaviour, which would inform future research with novel techniques for data collection.

9. Enhancing Explainability of Automated Vehicles with Culturally-Aware HMIs

   Thomas Goodge, Jingyi Li, Shiv G Patel, Victor Gravis, and Soyeon Kim

   In Adjunct Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2023

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   In the future, automated vehicles can allow much longer journeys to be undertaken without a driver. This could involve travel across countries with different road systems, traffic rules, and regulations. Disparate cultures also have different expectations of how vehicles should behave. These need to be taken into account when designing HMIs to convey vehicle behaviour and intent. In this work, we presented four scenarios where culturally-sensitive HMIs could benefit both drivers and other road users in a cross-cultural setting. This video will hopefully provoke further discussion and research interest in cross-culture human-vehicle interaction.

10. Age Matters: Investigating Older Drivers’ Perception of Level 3 Autonomous Cars as a Heterogeneous Age Group

    Rawan Srour Zreik, Monika Harvey, and Stephen Brewster

    In , Sep 2023

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11. Keep it Real: Investigating Driver-Cyclist Interaction in Real-World Traffic

    Ammar Al-Taie, Yasmeen Abdrabou, Shaun Alexander Macdonald, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

    In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Sep 2023

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    Cyclists encounter drivers in many traffic scenarios; good communication is key to avoiding collisions. Little is known about everyday driver-cyclist interaction and communication. This is important in designing Automated Vehicles (AVs) that must drive safely around cyclists. We explored driver-cyclist interaction across diverse scenarios through in-the-wild observations (N = 414) and a naturalistic study involving cyclists wearing eye-trackers (N = 12). Results showed cyclists attended to road markings and traffic signs in controlled traffic scenarios but to vehicle sides and windows in uncontrolled encounters. Interactions were unlikely at controlled intersections, but various techniques were used to negotiate right-of-way in uncontrolled scenarios, e.g. cyclists used arm gestures and shoulder checks to communicate their intent and awareness when lane merging. Drivers communicated these through on-vehicle signals and head movements at roundabouts. We discuss the implications of driver-cyclist interaction behaviour on AV interaction design and offer insights into system requirements to support cyclists riding in traffic.

12. Pimp My Ride: Designing Versatile eHMIs for Cyclists

    Ammar Al-Taie, Graham Wilson, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

    In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2023

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    Autonomous vehicles (AVs) must communicate their intentions to nearby road users and may use external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMIs). Most eHMIs have focused on interaction with pedestrians at crossings. However, these may not work for cyclists, who can be anywhere around vehicles and encounter them in diverse traffic scenarios. We used participatory design with cyclists and AutoUI researchers (N = 12) collaborating in a real-world setting to design eHMIs around an actual vehicle. Participants preferred eHMIs that co-exist with traditional vehicle signals and use a single design language across traffic scenarios to communicate awareness and intent quickly without distracting their attention from the road. We used our findings to develop a taxonomy of eHMI features for cyclists, allowing us to synthesise the designs and contribute versatile eHMI concepts catered to cyclists’ needs. This is important to ensure AVs can safely navigate and interact with cyclists in all road scenarios.

13. BikeSimWS: Workshop on Simulators, Scenarios, and Test Standard for Bicycle Research

    Philipp Wintersberger, Andrii Matviienko, Yu Wang, Patrick Ebel, Ammar Al-Taie, Stephen Brewster, Florian Michahelles, and Arjan Stuiver

    In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Sep 2023

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    Research on cyclists‘ safety and comfort is a growing topic. Existing works address support systems with novel interaction concepts such as augmented reality but also the design and evaluation of high-fidelity bicycle simulators. Since the field is still in its exploratory phase, there have been few attempts to systematically provide guidance for conducting experiments. For example, there is no consensus on the choice of representative driving scenarios, the proper choice of different bicycle simulators, and measurement standards to systematically compare the results of different studies. With this workshop, we want the community to gather and discuss a roadmap for the future of HCI bicycle research so that these issues can be overcome.

14. 2nd Workshop on Multimodal Motion Sickness Detection and Mitigation Methods for Car Journeys - Finding Consensus in the Field

    Katharina Margareta Theresa Pohlmann, Ammar Jamal Said Al Taie, Gang Li, Abhraneil Dam, Yu-Kai Wang, Chun-Shu Wei, and Georgios Papaioannou

    In Adjunct Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2023

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    The adoption of automated vehicles will be a positive step towards road safety and environmental benefits. However, one major challenge that still exist is motion sickness. The move from drivers to passengers who will engage in non-driving related tasks as well as the potential change in the layout of the car interior that will come with automated vehicles are expected to result in a worsened experience of motion sickness. The previous workshop [18] highlighted the need for consensus on guidelines regarding study design for motion sickness research. Hence, this workshop will develop a guide for motion sickness research through reflection and discussions on the current methodologies used by experts in the field. Further it will build on the knowledge collected from the previous workshop and will thereby facilitate not only new research ideas and fruitful collaborations but also find a consensus in the field in regard to study design and methodologies.

2022

1. “Reality Anchors”: Bringing Cues from Reality into VR on Public Transport to Alleviate Safety and Comfort Concerns

   Laura Bajorunaite, Stephen Brewster, and Julie R. Williamson

   In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts, Apr 2022

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2. Building Virtual and Augmented Reality Passenger Experiences

   Stephen Brewster

   In Companion of the 2022 ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems, Jun 2022

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3. eXtended Reality and Passengers of the Future

   Stephen Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Jun 2022

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4. Augmented, Virtual and Mixed Reality Passenger Experiences

   Mark McGill, Gang Li, Alex Ng, Laura Bajorunaite, Julie Williamson, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Brewster

   In User Experience Design in the Era of Automated Driving, Jun 2022

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5. PassengXR: A Low Cost Platform for Any-Car, Multi-User, Motion-Based Passenger XR Experiences

   Mark McGill, Graham Wilson, Daniel Medeiros, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Oct 2022

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6. From Shielding to Avoidance: Passenger Augmented Reality and the Layout of Virtual Displays for Productivity in Shared Transit

   Daniel Medeiros, Mark McGill, Alexander Ng, Robert McDermid, Nadia Pantidi, Julie Williamson, and Stephen Brewster

   IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Oct 2022

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7. The Passenger Experience of Mixed Reality Virtual Display Layouts in Airplane Environments-Participants Questionnaire

   Alexander Ng, Medeiros Daniel, Mark McGill, Julie Williamson, and Stephen Brewster

   Oct 2022

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8. Can Visual Motion Presented in a VR Headset Reduce Motion Sickness for Vehicle Passengers?

   Katharina Margareta Theresa Pöhlmann, Marc Stephan Kurt Auf Der Heyde, Gang Li, Frans Verstraten, Stephen Anthony Brewster, and Mark McGill

   In Adjunct Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2022

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9. Towards Cross-Platform and Multi-Transport Real Time XR-Experiences

   \relax KATHARINA Pöhlmann, \relax GRAHAM Wilson, \relax MARK Mcgill, D. P. S. Medeiros, \relax GANG Li, and \relax STEPHEN Brewster

   ACM: New York, NY, USA, Sep 2022

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10. Display Rotation for Reducing Motion Sickness Caused by Using VR in Vehicles

    Zhanyan Qiu, Mark McGill, Katharina Margareta Theresa Pöhlmann, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

    In Adjunct Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2022

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11. In-cAR Gaming: Exploring the Use of AR Headsets to Leverage Passenger Travel Environments for Mixed Reality Gameplay

    Henry Togwell, Mark McGill, Graham Wilson, Daniel Medeiros, and Stephen Anthony Brewster

    In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts, Apr 2022

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12. Driver distraction and its effects on partially automated driving performance: A driving simulator study among young-experienced drivers

    Noa Zangi, Rawan Srour Zreik, Dana Ridel, Hadas Chassidim, and Avinoam Borowsky

    Accident; Analysis and Prevention, Jan 2022

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13. Tour de Interaction: Understanding Cyclist-Driver Interaction with Self-Reported Cyclist Behaviour

    Ammar Al-Taie, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Brewster

    In Adjunct Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Jan 2022

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    How Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and cyclists will interact in shared traffic is largely unexplored but is key to ensuring safety when these new vehicles join our roads. We report the results of an online survey (n=383) designed to understand current cyclist-driver interactions as a starting point to inform how AVs should behave around riders. We asked cyclists to identify cyclist-driver interaction techniques and scenarios and self-report their understanding of AVs. We found that cyclists rely mainly on eye contact and hand gestures to exchange awareness, intent and appreciation with drivers. Therefore, AVs must recognise and respond appropriately to such cues. We also found that cyclists have a higher perceived risk in scenarios with little traffic control, such as lane merging. Riders did not know enough about AVs to reach a consensus concerning their impact on cyclist behaviour. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings on AV interaction design.

2021

1. Virtual Reality in Transit: How Acceptable Is vr Use on Public Transport?

   Laura Bajorunaite, Stephen Brewster, and Julie R. Williamson

   In 2021 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), Jan 2021

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2. AutoWork 2021: Workshop on the Future of Work and Well-Being with Automated Vehicles

   Peter Fröhlich, Clemens Schartmüller, Philipp Wintersberger, Andreas Riener, Andrew L Kun, Stephen Brewster, Orit Shaer, and Matthias Baldauf

   In 13th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2021

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3. The Passenger Experience of Mixed Reality Virtual Display Layouts in Airplane Environments

   Alexander Ng, Daniel Medeiros, Mark McGill, Julie Williamson, and Stephen Brewster

   In 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Sep 2021

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4. Multimodal (and More Physical) Interaction to Improve In-Car User Experience

   Champika Ranasinghe, Stephen Brewster, Andrew Kun, Andreas Riener, and Orit Shaer

   In Dagstuhl Seminar on Human-Computer Interaction to Support Work and Wellbeing in Mobile Environments 2021, Sep 2021

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5. A comparison of cybersickness symptoms across 360-degree hazard perception and hazard prediction tests for drivers

   Thomas Goodge, Victoria Kroll, Mike Vernon, Petya Ventsislavova, and David Crundall

   Applied Ergonomics, Sep 2021

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   Hazard perception assessment may benefit from VR-presentation by removing field-of-view restrictions imposed by single-screen tests. One concern is whether VR-induced ‘cybersickness’ will offset any benefits. Self-reported cybersickness ratings were recorded from 77 participants viewing two variants of a 360-degree hazard test: hazard perception and hazard prediction. The latter was hypothesised to be particularly susceptible as clips abruptly cut to a probe question at hazard onset. Such sudden occlusions are thought to increase cybersickness. Overall cybersickness levels were low, with only four participants excluded for above-threshold sickness ratings. The remaining participants showed unexpectedly lower symptoms for the hazard prediction test and rated this test format as more comfortable and engaging. These findings mitigate concerns over the use of 360-degree videos in formative hazard assessments, even when clips involve sudden occlusions. Nonetheless, removal of any participants due to cybersickness raises problems for using VR for formal assessments of hazard perception skill.

6. A comparison of virtual reality and non-virtual reality approaches to hazard perception training and testing: does a 360-degree environment provide tangible benefits?

   D Crundall, T Goodge, V Kroll, E Loon, M Vernon, and P Ventsislavova

   Sep 2021

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2020

1. Workshop on Virtual Reality (VR) in Automated Vehicles: Developing and Evaluating Metrics to Assess VR in the Car

   Zoe M Becerra, Nadia Fereydooni, Stephen Brewster, Andrew L. Kun, Angus McKerral, and Bruce N. Walker

   In 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2020

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2. Exploring the Feasibility of Mitigating VR-HMD-induced Cybersickness Using Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

   Gang Li, Francisco Macía Varela, Abdullah Habib, Qi Zhang, Mark McGill, Stephen Brewster, and Frank Pollick

   In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR), Sep 2020

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3. A Review of Electrostimulation-Based Cybersickness Mitigations

   Gang Li, Mark McGill, Stephen Brewster, and Frank Pollick

   In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR), Sep 2020

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4. Challenges in Passenger Use of Mixed Reality Headsets in Cars and Other Transportation

   Mark McGill, Julie Williamson, Alexander Ng, Frank Pollick, and Stephen Brewster

   Virtual Reality, Dec 2020

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   Abstract This paper examines key challenges in supporting passenger use of augmented and virtual reality headsets in transit. These headsets will allow passengers to break free from the restraints of physical displays placed in constrained environments such as cars, trains and planes. Moreover, they have the potential to allow passengers to make better use of their time by making travel more productive and enjoyable, supporting both privacy and immersion. However, there are significant barriers to headset usage by passengers in transit contexts. These barriers range from impediments that would entirely prevent safe usage and function (e.g. motion sickness) to those that might impair their adoption (e.g. social acceptability). We identify the key challenges that need to be overcome and discuss the necessary resolutions and research required to facilitate adoption and realize the potential advantages of using mixed reality headsets in transit.

5. AutoWork 2020: Second Workshop on the Future of Work and Well-Being in Automated Vehicles

   Clemens Schartmüller, Philipp Wintersberger, Andreas Riener, Andrew L. Kun, Stephen Brewster, and Orit Shaer

   In 12th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Sep 2020

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6. Creating a hazard-based training and assessment tool for emergency response drivers

   Victoria Kroll, Andrew K. Mackenzie, Thomas Goodge, Rowena Hill, Robert Davies, and David Crundall

   Accident Analysis & Prevention, Sep 2020

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2019

1. Exploring the Concept of the (Future) Mobile Office

   Christian P. Janssen, Andrew L. Kun, Stephen Brewster, Linda Ng Boyle, Duncan P. Brumby, and Lewis L. Chuang

   In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications: Adjunct Proceedings, Sep 2019

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2. AutoWork 2019: Workshop on the Future of Work and Well-Being in Automated Vehicles

   Andrew L. Kun, Orit Shaer, Andreas Riener, Stephen Brewster, and Clemens Schartmüller

   In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications: Adjunct Proceedings, Sep 2019

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3. Virtual Reality Passenger Experiences

   Mark McGill, and Stephen Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications: Adjunct Proceedings, Sep 2019

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4. MRV 2019: 3\textsuperscriptrd Workshop on Mixed Reality for Intelligent Vehicles

   Andreas Riegler, Andrew L. Kun, Stephen Brewster, Andreas Riener, Joe Gabbard, and Carolin Wienrich

   In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications: Adjunct Proceedings, Sep 2019

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2017

1. I Am The Passenger: Challenges in Supporting AR/VR HMDs In-Motion

   Mark McGill, and Stephen A. Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications Adjunct, Sep 2017

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2. I Am The Passenger: How Visual Motion Cues Can Influence Sickness For In-Car VR

   Mark McGill, Alexander Ng, and Stephen Brewster

   In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May 2017

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2016

1. Composites of Polymer and Carbon Nanostructures for Self-Healing Chemical Sensors

   Tan-Phat Huynh, Muhammad Khatib, Rawan Srour Zreik, Marian Plotkin, Weiwei Wu, Rotem Vishinkin, Naseem Hayek, Han Jin, and 2 more authors

   Advanced Materials Technologies, Oct 2016

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